Importance Of Teacher Student Interaction

Importance Of Teacher Student Interaction Teachers who have positive interaction with their students create classroom environments more helpful to learning and meet students developmental, emotional and educational needs. Teaching is a people profession that demands a large amount of time being dedicated to personal interaction. Positive teacher-student interaction has a very crucial role for effective teaching and learning to take place (Arthur, Gordon, Butterfield, 2003). There are many important factors including productive Teaching and learning. Positive teacher-student interaction can be defined by shared acceptance, understanding, affection, intimacy, trust, respect, care and cooperation (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, 2006). The Teacher Student relationship depends on very large extent upon effort from both parties although the teacher plays a key role and in fact, the responsibility, to initiate positive interaction. The teacher who is practical in representation, recognition, understanding, intimacy, expectation, respect, care and cooperation towards his or her students not only works at initiating positive teacher-student relationships, but also increases the likelihood of building strong rela tionships that will endure over time (Barry King, 1993). Teacher-student interaction is important for many reasons. Teacher student interaction is highly influence a students skill to change to University, to do well at University, and to relate to peers (Pianta, 1999). Teachers who had positive and secure relationships with students reported that their students were less likely to stay away from school, appeared more independent, more supportive, and busy in learning (Birch Ladd, 1997; Klem Connell, 2004). Teacher-student Interaction has an impact on classroom management and affects learning and growth. According to developmental perspective, the establishment of a positive teacher-student relationship aids a students cognitive, social and emotional growth and enhances their mental well-being (Brazelton Greenspan, 2000). The teacher-student relationships impact productively on a students self-esteem and enhance their skills. Student-Teacher interactions are very important for the development of the students academic self-concept and enhancing their enthusiasm and success. Colleges and universities that actively promote close and frequent contact between their students and faculty members are more likely to reap a host of benefits from such initiatives. Faculty members taking an interest in their students academic progress could potentially make significant contributions in increasing their intellectual and professional development (Anaya Cole, 2001; Chickering, 1969; Chickering Reisser, 1993; Cokley, 2000; Terenzini Pascarella, 1980). There is evidence that students successful in knowing even one faculty member closely are likely to feel more satisfied with their college life and aspire to go further in their careers (Rosenthal et al., 2000). Although most interactions with faculty tend to occur w ithin the formal classroom setting, students who experience informal interactions tend to be more motivated, engaged, and actively involved in the learning process (Thompson, 2001; Woodside, Wong, Weist, 1999). Informal interaction between students and faculty has been identified as a primary agent of college culture, and has an important influence on the attitudes, interests, and values of college students (Chickering Reisser, 1993; Lambert, Terinzini, Lattuca, 2007; Pascarella, 1980b; Pascarella Terenzini, 1991, 2005; Thompson, 2001). However, although previous research has established that student-faculty interactions are important, we still need to identify which aspects of student-faculty interactions are helpful and how these could significantly influence students to stay in college, increase their desire to work hard, stimulate them to enjoy learning, and encourage them to strive toward high achievement standards (Bean,1985). The current study addresses this gap in the li terature by examining eight specific types of student-faculty interactions as predictors of academic self-concept and three types of academic motivation, as well as academic achievement in a sample of college students from a medium-sized, public university located in the Midwestern United States. Interactions between students and faculty members are inevitable and personal connections that emerge through advisement and mentoring are highly valued (Light, 2001). In responding to several implicit, unspoken, and nonverbal cues, students are more likely to interact with faculty members perceived to be sociable, intelligent, showing leadership, supportive, and objective (Babad, Avni-Babad, Rosenthal, 2003; Furnham Chamorro-Premuzic, 2005). Faculty members allowing students to use their first names are perceived as higher in warmth, approachability, and respect in comparison to faculty members who are addressed by formal titles (McDowell Westman, 2005). Student-faculty interactions can be formal or informal, occurring either inside or outside instructional settings, with both playing an important role in determining students academic success (Jacobi, 1991). The most frequent type of contact that students have with faculty members typically include situations in which they are asking for information about a course or visiting after class (Kuh Hu, 2001). Faculty-student interactions could take on a more intense flavor in a tutorialstyle classroom, where a faculty member may meet with two students at a time for an hour, eventually interacting closely with about five such pairs of students per week (Smallwood, 2002). Such close, intense, interaction seems to enhance student learning and intellectual stimulation, with both students and faculty valuing the opportunity to know each other at an informal and personal level. Cox and Orehovec (2007) identified four major types of student-faculty interactions with the most important, functional interaction, referring to academic-related interactions outside the classroom. The other three types include personal interactions about some personal issues unrelated to academics, incidental contact maintained by occasional greetings, and finally disengagement, where there is minimal interaction with the faculty member inside the classroom and little or no interpersonal exchange. Even though faculty members may not always be aware of i t, their interactions can have a far-reaching influence on their students. Faculty member-student relations are a strong motivator and indicator of learning (Christensen Menzel, 1998). In particular, Decker, Dona, and Christenson (2007) note that the student-faculty member relationship is more important in predicting students social-emotional functioning than their academic performance. This implies that there is a support-seeking dimension in student-faculty member relationships that can be carefully nurtured to shape positive outcomes for students. Informal interactions with faculty members outside the classroom have been found to have an incremental effect on students motivation over and above the typical predictors of academic performance such as secondary school performance or academic aptitude (Pascarella Terinzini, 2005; Pascarella, Terenzini, Hibel, 1978). Informal discussions with faculty members about intellectual issues are associated with increases in students aspirations to achieve at a hi gher level than would be predicted by pre-enrollment characteristics. Initial interactions with faculty members are also very influential in increasing the value placed on high academic achievement and in compensating for the general student culture that does not typically value such achievement. Mentoring provided by faculty members as a sponsor, confidant, and protector seem to be relatively more important than even peer support, for students who are transitioning into college (Mann, 1992; Shore; 2003). Thus, faculty members seem to play an important role in the overall college experience for new and continuing students. Adolescents who model themselves after their teachers rather than their friends report higher levels of school adjustment (Ryan et al., 1994). Informal faculty-student contacts play a particularly crucial role during the first year in college because they allow students to integrate their academic and extracurricular experiences (Goodman Pascarella, 2006; Pascarell Terenzini, 1977; Pascarella Terenzini, 2005). Further, students reporting high and moderate levels of interactions with faculty members (relative to low interactions) rate their academic program as being more interesting, exciting, and enjoyable, as well as more relevant and necessary for their career. Finally, substantive student-faculty interactions have been found to have a positive impact on students vocational preparation and intellectual development (Kuh Hu, 2001).These findings suggest that student-facultyinteractions have a multidimensional influence on the cognitive and emotional needs of students, thus valida ting the importance of faculty members as role models. Some researchers have found that students who spoke more frequently with faculty outside class and received advice about their educational program reported significantly higher academic self-confidence (Plecha, 2002). This finding is congruent with Endo and Harpel (1982) and Astin (1999)s work showing that interacting frequently with faculty members is part of being academically engaged and students who are more involved do better in college. Similarly, Bjorkland, Parente, and Sathiyanathan (2002) note that students who are in more frequent contact with faculty members and receive more feedback on their performance show remarkable improvement in communicating in a group, competence in their specific field, awareness about their future occupation, and general problem-solving skills. Other reported benefits of such student-faculty relationships include greater satisfaction with academic life, lesser likelihood of dropping out, and feeling more intellectually driven (Hazler Carney, 1993). In support of Chickerings (1969) model, recent data suggest that students engaging in meaningful interactions with faculty members are more likely to have a sense of purpose and competence for succeeding in college (Martin, 2000). Further, students who perceive their faculty members to be caring and have positive informal interactions with them often report greater learning (Teven McCroskey, 1997) as well as satisfaction with college and enhanced intellectual and personal development (Lamport, 1993). When Pakistan was founded in 1947 as a result of the partition with India, the country had only one institution of higher education, the University of the Punjab. Over the next 20 years, many private and public schools and higher education institutions were established to help fuel the countrys socio-economic development. In the early 1970s, all of Pakistans educational institutions were nationalized under the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was committed to the idea of Islamic Socialism. For the next decade, Pakistans entire system of education was state-run. However, the growing demand for higher education fast outpaced the establishment of new public universities. During that period, the system could accommodate only 25 percent of the high school graduates who applied to higher education institutions. The overcrowding prompted many wealthy Pakistanis to seek university degrees abroad in the United States, Great Britain and Australia, while others sought out private tutors at home or entered the job market without a degree. In 1979 a government commission reviewed the consequences of nationalization and concluded that in view of the poor participation rates at all levels of education, the public sector could no longer be the countrys sole provider of education. By the mid-1980s, private educational institutions were allowed to operate on the condition that they comply with government-recognized standards. Until 1991, there were only two recognized private universities in Pakistan: Aga Khan University established in 1983; and Lahore University of Management Sciences established in 1985. By 1997, however, there were 10 private universities and in 2001-2002, this number had doubled to 20. In 2003-2004 Pakistan had a total of 53 private degree granting institutions. The rapid expansion of private higher education is even more remarkable if we look at the number of institutions established on a year-by-year basis. In 1997, for instance, three private institutions were established; in 2001 eleven new private institutions were opened; and in 2002 a total of 29 private sector institutions sprung up. According to HEC, there are total 128 recognized Universites in Pakistan, 70 are public and 58 are private. PRIVATE VS. PUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION While the quality of Pakistans private universities varies widely, they all share some common traits. Most of them have adopted the American model of higher education, which features a four-year bachelors degree and system of credits. Supporters of private higher education believe that non-government institutions can deliver higher quality education and do it far more efficiently than the public sector. They point to the fact that private schools rarely suffer the closures and class suspensions their public counterparts do, and that students enrolled at these schools are more apt to complete their degree programs on time. They also believe that private universities will introduce international standards of competence and accountability.

True American Essay examples -- Ethnicity Personal Narrative Citizensh

True American To be a true American, some people think that a person has to agree with everything our government says, right or wrong. My belief is that, to be a true American one must strive to make this country a better place. A place that can be respected and looked up to by the rest of the world, rather than shunned and feared as it is today. To say that I am only interested in one specific social issue would be a lie. One person focusing on one problem will not make an impact. Being socially conscious is a big part of my life. I feel guilty when my life becomes stagnant, and I dont have any goals or concerns. Under the conformity of my button-down shirt and tie, I am wearing an American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU, t-shirt. It reads: Justice, Equality, Education, Involvement", all things I stand for and strongly support. There are so many problems in this country that can't be ignored, some so complicated, I doubt they will ever be solved in my time on this earth. I've heard over and over that, "Every journey begins with the first step", and the fact that there are people out there like me trying to deal with problems other people create out of hatred, greed, or sheer stupidity, makes the world a better place. Some of the most important issues in my eyes are: poverty in the United States, racial equality, and nationalism. The best way I have found to deal with these problems is through writing. I live in a very diverse neighborhood where I am exposed to dif...

Friendship and Love in the Little Prince

Friendship and love are essential topics in anyone?s lifesince through them we can feel complete and alive. In The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery novel, elemental, but not always taken into account, aspects of life are highlighted from a deep point of view differentiating the perception an adult and a child can have from the same subject, being Friendship and love the prominent ones in my consideration. Firstly, Friendship is seen as the pure communion between an experienced man and an innocent child. The writer emphasizes the importance of a friend from the point of view of a child,this innocence is clearly opposed to the perception of an adult. Seen through the eyes of a child what is important are the perceptions, ideas and emotions that a child posses which makes friendship concrete and worthwhile. The Little prince points out that a friend is not valuable because of the material belongings someone has, but the qualities he or she posses. What makes a friend is the smile on her or his face, the sound of the voice and the desire to have or do something that makes somebody real. Alive and interesting. On the other hand, love is profoundly connected to friendship. In this case the superficial man becomes one with the imaginative child, being love the point in which they found each other and by means of which they would be one. The pilot finds in the sky a way of meting the Little Prince again, he says â€Å"look at the sky. Ask yourselves: Is it yes or not? Has the sheep eaten the flower? And you will see how everything changes†. In these meaningful lines, love, fraternal love is conveyed; whenever they look at the stars they will be together again. The feelings about friendship are arm to arm with love. In conclusion, the opposition made between adulthood and chilhood, the Pilot and the little Prince emphasize the importance of sentimental values in life. Friendship and love come up over any other subject.

Essay on Not Permiting Euthanasia the Mercy Killing

Euthanasia is an issue that has been in the center of many heated debates for several years. It is prohibited in all fifty states of the United States under homicide laws and in England with a fourteen year imprisonment, but it is legal in Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (â€Å"Euthanasia and Physician†). Euthanasia comes from the ancient Greek word euthanatos, which means easy death. Today, the definition of euthanasia is the direct killing of a person with a disabi ¬lity or terminal illness to relieve them of their sufferings. Very often people will call euthanasia mercy killing mainly because the method is to put a person out of their pain (â€Å"Euthanasia†). Euthanasia can be done by either taking actions or not providing what is†¦show more content†¦No humans should have the authority to take the life of themselves or anyone else, even if it is desired by relatives, friends, medical employees, or themselves. Doing so interrupts the arrang ement God has established for us on Earth as humans (â€Å"Euthanasia and Physician†). The practice of euthanasia can lead to abuse. Euthanasia sends out the message it is better for a person to be dead rather than sick or disabled. Not only does that devalue a person’s status as a human but puts them at risk. Because euthanasia is mercy killing, or the deliberate ending of a person who has a condition that cannot be healed, someone can kill a person who does not want to die and use euthanasia as a cover for their crime. Simply saying, euthanasia can be abused and used as murder (â€Å"Euthanasia and Physician†). Although, one of the many opposing arguments medics use is that medical resources are scarce, and letting people who want to die undergo euthanasia would free those resources to treat people who want to live. The world needs to remember that every human life is valuable and is more valuable than mere medical resources. Agreed, medical resources are essential and limited but implying that it is a waste to use them on a person who wants to die is similar to saying that that person does not deserve to live because they are not as important compared to medications or another person’s life. As soon as a

Military Boll History - 1080 Words

Hunter Dumas Pablo Martinez 3/5/12 The ROTC Military Ball has been around for a while. It is a requirement each year done on the military’s birthday to show respect and have a celebration. It consists of basically 6 rules: Protocol information, Receiving line, posting of the colors, Pow/MIA ceremony, Toasts, Dinner, Guest Speaker and the dance. Depending on the Military force depends on the date. National Guard: December 16, 1636, U.S. Army: June 14, 1775, U.S. Navy: October 13, 1775 (Abolished Feb 1781 - Reinstated 7 Sep 1781), U.S. Marine Corps: November 10, 1775, U.S. Coast Guard: August 4, 1790, U.S. Air Force: September 17, 1947. The Military Ball has a proper†¦show more content†¦Each year we celebrate the volunteerism, spirit and personal contributions that military personnel give to Coronado. In establishing the Ball, the founders set several goals. First, to include commanders and a deserving junior officer of active duty organizations stationed at Naval Base Coronado. Secondly, it was important that about half of the attendees be appreciative citizens, and that any resident of Coronado have the opportunity to attend the Ball. Additionally, they recognized the importance of assets necessary to make this recognition possible. For centuries our men and women in uniform have defended the freedom we all enjoy. Today they do so at great sacrifice. We are in a struggle to maintain democratic principles and basic human rights in the face of a determined and ruthless enemy. The current conflict is worldwide and may be the most difficult we have ever faced. In â€Å"Honoring Those Who Serve† we sal ute this effort, the toll it has taken, and the courage, determination and spirit that is evident in those who carry the load. We also grimly recognize that we must not fail. The elusive victory may not be certain, but the future we hold dear rests on valiant shoulders ... the American Soldier, Sailor, Marine and Airman in uniform.† These were examples of how history comes differently in the military ball’s of different military forces and how strongly they celebrate. As you can see these Navy Seals do greatly appreciate the militaryShow MoreRelatedWW1 AND WW23134 Words   |  13 PagesCongress to declare war against the Central Powers in World War I? a. anti-German propaganda in the United States b. attacks on American merchant ships c. sinking of the Lusitania d. Zimmermann telegram _____332) At which Georgia military installation did infantry train in World War I? a. Camp Augusta b. Camp Benning c. Camp Gordon d. Camp McPherson _____333) What event is celebrated on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of the year? a. the foundingRead MoreThe European Union As A Powerful Entity1612 Words   |  7 Pages in turn, leads to an increase in wealth, both in the new and older members. History, however, proves to be the one weakness of the European Union. Fragmented into fifty-three countries, Europe s people jealously guard their identity, and are severely opposed to losing it. This makes gaining consensus on policies very difficult, as countries may want to protect traditional industries, associated with their own history and culture. Groups that may be disadvantaged by free trade also drive economicRead MoreBlack Americans During The Civil War1732 Words   |  7 Pagesand this was as a direct result of the First World War. World War 1 was a transformative moment in African American history, and ‘became an event with revolutionary implications for the social, economic and political future of black people’ . The war was able to have a direct impact on nearly all African Americans and through a combination of other events such as ‘migration, military service, racial violence and political protest’ that took place during the war years, it led to this period beingRead MoreGeorgia Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesWhere Georgia and what is the state of Georgia. These two questions can be easily answered by reading my essay about Georgia. So, let’s go into the land of free and the home of brave. History Georgia was the first of 10 states to vote against ratification of the 19th Amendment, giving woman the right to vote. Even after it became a federal law in August 26, 1920, Georgia women were prevented from voting until 1922. The stateRead MoreAirline Industry : Delta Airlines1599 Words   |  7 Pagesrequirements must be met when it comes to customer’s comfort and that is where Delta Airlines falls in this category. Introduction: Delta Air Lines’ long history of service actually began in agriculture, when the company was founded in 1924 as the world’s first aerial crop dusting organization called Huff Daland Dusters. In fact, if the boll weevil had not marched out of Mexico prior to the turn of this century to devastate the cotton fields of the South, there might not have been a Delta AirRead MoreThe Technological And Science Growth Essay2309 Words   |  10 Pagesother hand, we do know it’s certain that technology was created in the prehistoric times. The reason why is that the history of technology is the history of the inventions of tools and techniques. Tools and techniques were the only natural resources a normal man had and could make in the prehistoric times. Also much of technology is applied sciences, therefore we could say the history of science could have begun around the prehistoric times too. Since there is no accurate date of when the culture ofRead MoreAfrican-American Segregation and Isolation2443 Words   |  10 Pageshate and distrust in violated colored citizens. These aggressions, hate and distrust were so intense that even prisons were segregated (LOC, Cullom Davis Library). The Great Migration During the first decade of the 20th century, insects, called boll weevils, infested Southern cotton crops (Berlin, 2003). The infestation reduced production and the need for farm workers. Unemployment and racial violence grew. As a consequence, the Black slave workers wanted to leave the South. Soon after, WorldRead MoreUs History Reagan, H.W Bush, Clinton, Reaganomics3670 Words   |  15 PagesPost 1980: The New Political Era Mike ****** AP US History 12 April, 2012 Post 1980: The New Political Era (REAGAN, H.W BUSH, CLINTON) The election of 1980 marked a ‘new political era’ that was ushered in by President Reagan and that followed on through the presidencies of George H. W. Bush and William Jefferson Clinton. These presidents were inaugurated at different times and succeeded the successes and the failures of their predecessors. Having came from differentRead MoreA History of African Americans after Reconstruction Essay2543 Words   |  11 PagesHistory of African Americans after Reconstruction During reconstruction the United States was divided on social issues, presidential campaigns were won and loss on these issues during this period. The struggle for development of African Americans and how they initiated change in political, economic, educational, and social conditions to shape their future and that of the United States. (Dixon, 2000) The South’s attempts to recover from the Civil war included determining what to do with newly freedRead MoreThe American Old West: Myth Versus Reality2901 Words   |  12 Pagestheir own countries in a specific time of history, and are romanticized in literature. Noticeably, cowboys differ from the rest; they are not soldiers. But why are they compared to those military nobilities? As a young country likes the U.S., western is unique in its own way that makes cowboys became an important part of the American culture. As far as I’m concerned, Americans don’t have any original art except western movies and jazz (Eastw ood). Since the history of the U.S. is only 300 years, it can

The Effects Of Drunk Driving On The Road Of Driving

Oluwaseyi Isola Prof. Laura Baltuska English 101-015 29 November, 2016 Under the Influence Is Under Arrest What is one of the most evil and deadly acts? Drunk-driving? Oh no! These two words together are uncordial behaviors. The crime of driving a vehicle or operating a motorized machine while under the influence of alcohol is totally against the law of the land, but some people still won’t stop. Is there any gain in drunk-driving than loss of lives, loss of driving privileges, and property—vehicles? One-third of traffic deaths involve alcohol-impaired driving (MADD). Therefore, a behavior that involves a tiny proportion of drivers is one of the key causes of death on the roads. This is an indication that retaining the licenses of drivers involved in drunk driving is not enough to deter drunk driving because some people in this category are still driving even though their licenses have been suspended or revoked. For this reason, it is necessary to adopt more strict measures to deal with the problem. In particular, drunk driving can be prevented through the use of ignition in terlock systems and sobriety checkpoints at an individual level while a school-based instructional program can help to prevent the problem at a community level. To begin with, drunk-driving is a serious menace to Americans on the road, as it contributes to a large number of traffic deaths and injuries. In 2012, for instance, over 10,000 people lost their lives from crashes attributed to drunk driving.Show MoreRelatedDrunk Drivers Should Not Be Banned1279 Words   |  6 Pagesa large amount of drunk driving accidents almost every year there are drunk drivers getting away and not having any harsh consequences.Drunk driving has killed over hundreds of citizens due to the mistakes by over intoxicated drivers. States all across the country have lowered the blood alcohol limit to keep drunk drivers off the road from hitting a pedestrian. Some citizens believe that drunk drivers should not be punished more harshly due to be over intoxicated while driving. If there is no harmRead MoreDrinking And Driving1335 Words   |  6 PagesDrink and Driving is and Ongoing Problem Erica Esposito Kean University Abstract This paper explores the research and find results on how drinking and driving has become a big problem in the United States. Drinking and driving effects a person’s ability to operate a vehicle and therefore drunk drivers need to be educated on the repercussions with drinking and driving. Every day drunk drivers are arrested, either for traffic violations, reckless driving, and random stops on the road, or accidentsRead MoreDistracted Driving Is One Of The Leading Cause Of Death Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pages Distracted driving is one of the leading causes of death. â€Å"Every year, about 421,000 people are injured in crashes that have involved a driver who was distracted in some way,† (Hopkins). Even though this is true, people who use a cell phone while driving are not punished as harshly as drunk drivers. A DUI, driving while intoxicated, is a misdemeanor and could result in a few months in jail, as well as a fine. The punishments for a DUI get more severe each ti me someone is charged. While, the punishmentRead MoreDrunk Drivers Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesDriving a vehicle is a huge responsibility, and can be dangerous for anyone who is careless on the road. That danger increases as drivers attempt to drive either intoxicated or drunk. Blood alcohol concentration, also known as BAC, is the amount of alcohol in the blood of one’s system, and is used as a measure of degree of intoxication in an individual (answers.com). In the United States it is illegal per se, to drive with a BAC of .08 for all drivers who are 21 and older (nhtsa.gov). As the bloodRead MoreDrunk Driving Is More Precious Than Anything Else1280 Words   |  6 PagesDrunk Driving Denis Pichardo Miami Dade College Drunk Driving Life is more precious than anything else, and everybody would love to live to the fullest. In life, there are decisions that people make that can shorten their lives. Though it’s argued that life is under God’s control, there is no doubt that there exist self-inflicted injuries that shorten life on earth. The decisions people make therefore have dire consequences on their life. To drink and drive is an example of such courageousRead MoreDangers and Need for Preventing Drunk Driving862 Words   |  3 PagesDriving require a variety of skills and technique that often changes. The Driver must maintain a good alertness so they can react quickly in spontaneous situation in the road and avoid road traffic crash. Road traffic crash has become main causes of injury and death in world. This accident may result up to the severe injury depends on the situation and reasons of the accident. One of the most happened reason that cause the traffic crash is the consumption of alcohol d rink (Green, 2013). DrinkingRead MoreAlcohol Related Accidents Essay874 Words   |  4 Pageschance of being in an accident with a drunk driver. Drunk driving is a serious problem that the United States, as well as the world, is trying to deal with, because it does not only effect a select few, it effects everyone. Drunk driving amongst high school students is an enormous problem that the United States is trying to cope with. Many programs have come to surface over the past few years, that educate students on this situation. MADD, mothers against drunk driving, is a non profit organization thatRead MoreThe Pending Penalty Essay887 Words   |  4 PagesConvicted drunk drivers who present a constant danger to the safety of others have to take a special class, and due to fact that texting and driving ultimately creates crashes it should have similar consequences. Statistics show that texting and driving has a higher chance to causes accidents than intoxicated drivers. The reason that texting has such a high chance to create an accident lies in the fact that the person texting focuses on the phone instead of the road. On the other hand drunk driversRead MoreDrinking and Driving Persuasive Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesDrinking and Driving Persuasive Essay Comm215 July 12, 2010 Drinking and Driving Each year numerous lives are lost due to careless and irrational driving. The disregard for safe driving has been a predicament to the United States of America for years. Many years Police have relied heavily on speed cameras, breathalyzer tests and heavy fines as a deterrent against unlawful drivers. Over the years fatality rates have increased, so the Department of Transportation and Highway Safety hasRead MorePenalties for Driving Under the Influence Essay726 Words   |  3 Pagesof a DUI carries only a ninety-day license suspension. Drunk drivers kill people every year. If DUI punishment became stricter, and careless drunk drivers paid the full consequence of their wrongdoing, the number of people killed by drunk drivers would decrease. Some argue that if the government strengthened DUI laws, it would have an economically negative effect on a city’s social drinking aspect; however, DUI laws would have a direct effect on repeated offenders and drinkers who disregard the l aw

Collaboration and Performance in Markets †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Collaboration and Performance in Markets. Answer: Introduction: The question seeks an explicit description of numerous advantages that companies such as Tata apply to transform into large industrial conglomerates. According to Alfaro and Chen (2014), a conglomerate company is a term used to define a highly differentiated field company. Typically, a conglomerate company operates two or more different business lines under a single and unified corporate structure. Initially, Tata was established as a textile company, but later expanded to include various business operations such as schools and steel production among other operations. Tata has gradually been increasing its dominance of the Indian market since 1990s enabling it to develop an extensive business network that include expanded production resources and large capital among others. According to Buckley and Ghauri (2004), big companies such as Tata employs various advantages to remain large industrial conglomerates. Some of these advantages include increased access to capital under favourable terms from financial institutions (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). This has allowed Tata to expand its operations and transform into a massive industrial conglomerate. Tata also banks on its strong corporate image to sustain its strong business connections with numerous high-quality market partners. As a result of this positive corporate image, Tata has been able to develop and maintain its good relationships with both national and state governments in the country (India). Besides, Tata has a very competitive cost structure that is generally attributed to Indias low cost labour. The company has also been able to achieve this low cost structure through using its subsidiary companies such as Tata steel to provide necessary raw materials for its manufacturing processes. Moreover, Tata banks on Indias high tech talent and large mineral resource bases that have increase its competitive advantage among other international business competitors. The company has similarly developed a strong interdependence relationship with the Indian Government, a cooperation that is instrumental in a socialist economic system like Indias. This, among other advantages discussed have helped Tata to transform into a large industrial conglomerate. The question is asking about how Tata can uses the above stipulated advantages to flourish especially in foreign markets. Since Tata has vast access to both financial and human resources, and on relatively favourable terms, the company can use such advantages to attain pertinent data and information in the market. Moreover, according to Dunning and Lundan (2008), large and quality capital requirement for entry into the automobile industry in emerging markets implies that Tata has an upper hand given its massive financial resources. Such advantages will enable Tata to better understand the operations and need of the foreign markets by tailoring their products and strategies to heighten their market success. Moreover, Tata could also use its past rich market experiences and vast operational knowledge to increase its chances of success in foreign markets. The companys various business sectors such as Tata steel could also be used to facilitate the production of high-quality products to enable Tata to reduce its operational costs in its foreign market activities. Besides, given the companys well-established business connection with high-quality market partners, it can easily reduce associated risks and capital requirements in foreign markets. Tata could also use such connections to develop and sustain good relationships with governments and other important market players. This could enable them to successfully overcome infrastructural-related challenges among other associated problems especially in foreign markets. Tata has used these advantages and many others to grow its reputation and to further expand its access in other established markets such as the U.S and Europe. Undeniably, Tata has also been able to use its advantages such as low cost labour and presence of relevant professionals to surpass some of its close global market competitors. For example, the company can use the low-cost labour structure in Indonesia to manufacture more cheap cars. The company aim at cementing its already strong production capacity in emerging markets. Moreover, Tata, together with its long years of market experience, aim at remaining a global business leader. This question seeks to explore the relationship between trade barriers, bure aucracy, country risk and the advent of Tata as an important player in global trade. Irrefutably, according to location theory of internalization, the location of production is based on factors such as trade barriers, high tariffs and related costs of operations among others (Keller and Yeaple, 2009). For example, most multinational companies fear operating in countries that do practice repressive bureaucracy such as India. Similarly, authoritarian trade restrictions and unnecessary political influences could significantly affect operations of a multinational company. According to Kim et al. (2015), a bureaucratic system of governance may occasionally introduce certain trade barriers that may increase the risk of doing business in a particular country. Throughout its operations, Tata has always followed strict government legislations and laid-down standards of operations. These government legislations and issues include various trade barriers, government interferences and the associated risks in the respective countries of operations. The inherent ability of Tata to remain efficient in India, a market that is crammed with numerous trade barriers, business regulations and various government interventions is commendable. In India, importation has to receive special government approval given the numerous import tariffs on vehicle parts and components among other commodities. Political influence from the West Bengal Politicos have resulted into widespread labour unrests further paralysing Tatas operations in certain parts of India. This question aim at examining the specific role of decreasing government intervention in Tatas global market success especially in India and the ability of the company to sustain its internalization efforts. According to Madhok and Keyhani (2012), every corporation wishes for a market system where most of the operations in the marketplace are conducted freely and the respective governments rarely intervenes resulting into reasonably balanced market conditions. A market with decreased government intervention stresses on the existence of minimal externalities, and that related external costs are adequately controlled. According to Goldstein (2009), decreasing government control implies that the forces of demand and supply are allowed to control market conditions. Indeed, the Indian government has for a very long time been discouraging international trade and imposing repressive trade restrictions and unnecessary bureaucracy. For example, the Indian government and state-owned enterprises for e very long time influenced various procurement activities among corporations operating in the country. However, some of these high trade barriers were loosened in the 1990s enabling Tata to increase its international trade operations in India. For instance, Tata started producing cars in joint ventures with various companies around the world such as Fiat and Daimler-Benze. The company also acquired a 30% stake in an Indonesian Coal mining company to sustain its power plant in India. Correspondingly, the company is taking advantage of its family conglomerate business networks to strengthen its market position as a major government supplier. In general, decreased government intervention rejuvenated Tatas global market operational successes particularly in India. The company has been able to sustain its internalization efforts majorly through joint ventures and diversification of its production processes. This question seeks to scrutinise the growth rates and other specific features of emerging markets, and such markets that Tata should target to sell its products and why. Ideally, Tata should target markets comprising of comparatively large sectors of low-income consumers to sell their products. According to Shrader (2011), emerging markets are majorly characterised by larger populations and stabilizing economies. Also, income levels in such countries are increasing steadily, and this implies that an increase in disposable income and purchasing powers. Some of the emerging markets that Tata Company should target include Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia markets that have a rising population of middle income earners. These countries also have expanding per-capita incomes, and this implies an increase in purchasing powers which is good for a company like Tata. The increased purchasing powers can be attributed to the increase in income level among many households in these emerging markets. Thus, due to enhanced disposable incomes, many families in these emerging markets can manage to comfortably purchase cheap Tata Cars. This is because most of Tatas products are charged moderately low compared to other related merchandises. Another reason why Tata should target the aforementioned countries is that there is a large population of motorcycle-driving customers that could really make use of cheaper Tata cars. For example, in Indonesia, there is an increase need for alternative transportation system aside from the famous motorcycles that are generally family-oriented. Therefore, Tata should offer these consumers in the mentioned emerging markets cheaper Nano cars to further facilitate their movements. Tata should also take advantage of increased brand recognition especially after its acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover to venture into these emerging markets. Therefore, Tata Company should feel more confident investing in these identified emerging markets to capitalize on their massive economic growth among other potentials. The question is asking about such country-level issues that Tata should take under consideration to evaluate the prospective of different emerging markets, and how such factors can possibly affect its operations. Some of the country-level factors that the company should consider in its evaluation of the prospective of various emerging markets include per-capita income and the population of the middle class. Also, the company should comprehensively evaluate the market size of the emerging markets to ascertain whether such markets are feasible for international operations. Besides, the company should determine the intensity of the market operations and the rate of market growth. Other factors include market consumption capacity, commercial infrastructural developments, economic liberty, market receptivity and country risk. For instance, violent protests from the surrounding communities can significantly affect the production activities of a particular company. Therefore, before investing in a particular country, Tata should closely scrutinize these country-level issues that can seriously influence its operations if not properly mitigated. This question seeks to establish how Tata can advance its CSR initiatives towards future consumers in emerging markets as it prepares to expand its international operations. According to McWilliams and Siegel (2011), CSR is increasingly being perceived by many companies as a creative opportunity to increase their competitive advantage and implementation of organizational objectives. Research by Slack (2012) further stipulate that CSR is a companys direct involvement in the welfare and interest of consumers and other stakeholders. As such, to enhance its corporate social responsibility (CSR) towards its future consumers particularly in emerging markets, Tata should direct immense investments towards raising educational standards, health promotion and various grass root agricultural development projects. For instance, Tata Steel should increase its investments on irrigation schemes to allow farmers in emerging markets to increase their agricultural productive capacities. The company should also build schools and hospitals among other projects in emerging markets as part of their CSR initiatives. These charitable activities among others will help Tata to capture and sustain large consumer bases in the emerging markets. For instance, through its affiliate company Miljo Grenland, the company is currently producing electric cars called Indica that are environmentally friendly. These production of these eco-friendly cars should also be extended in the emerging markets to further plummet the companys position in international operations. This question aim at determining some of the actions that Tata should undertake to minimize the impact of its operations on nature in Asia and in other parts of the world. According to Kolk and Van Tulder (2010), a comprehensive CSR can significantly improve the effectiveness of an organization especially when dealing with external conflicts such as environmental protection. Some of the common CSR initiatives that Tata can apply include improving it organizational operations and creating self-protection awareness among its consumer bases (McWilliams and Siegel, 2011). Specifically, from the case study, to minimize the possible impact of Tatas operations on the natural environment in Asia and in other parts of the world, the company should consider applying various eco-friendly energy such as a reduction in the use of wood-burning stove by introducing solar lanterns. The company should also introduce more low-cost solar-powered electronics such as refrigerators and water pumps to further minimize the impacts of its operation on the natural environment. Overall, such initiatives will enable Tata to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and operate in a relatively clean environment. References Alfaro, L. and Chen, M. X. (2014) The global agglomeration of multinational firms, Journal of International Economics, 94(2), 263-276. Buckley, P. J. and Ghauri, P. N. (2004) Globalisation, economic geography and the strategy of multinational enterprises, Journal of International Business Studies, 35(2), 81-98. Dunning, J. H. and Lundan, S. M. (2008) Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Edward Elgar Publishing. Goldstein, A. (2009) Multinational companies from emerging economies composition, conceptualization direction in the global economy, Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 137-147. Goldstein, A. (2009). Multinational companies from emerging economies composition, conceptualization direction in the global economy. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 137-147. Keller, W. and Yeaple, S. R. (2009) Multinational enterprises, international trade, and productivity growth: firm-level evidence from the United States, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(4), 821-831. Kim, H., Hoskisson, R. E. and Lee, S. H. (2015). Why strategic factor markets matter:New multinationals' geographic diversification and firm profitability, Strategic Management Journal, 36(4), 518-536. Kolk, A. and Van Tulder, R. (2010) International business, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development, International business review,19(2), pp.119-125. Madhok, A. and Keyhani, M. (2012). Acquisitions as entrepreneurship: asymmetries, opportunities, and the internationalization of multinationals from emerging economies, Global Strategy Journal, 2(1), 26-40. McWilliams, A. and Siegel, D.S. (2011) Creating and capturing value: Strategic corporate social responsibility, resource-based theory, and sustainable competitive advantage, Journal of Management,37(5), pp.1480-1495. Shrader, R.C. (2011) Collaboration and Performance in Foreign Markets: The Case of Young High-Technology Manufacturing Firms, Academy of Management Journal 44(1): 45-60. Slack, K. (2012) Mission impossible?: Adopting a CSR-based business model for extractive industries in developing countries, Resources Policy,37(2), pp.179-184.